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 =Religion (1789-1900) =

By: Chase Roberts & Scott Clare



= = = Timeline =

= = = Article Links =
 * **June 11, 1789**-- Richard Allen was ordained a deacon of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen would later go on to found the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church and become the first African-American bishop in the United States.
 * **November 06, 1789**-- Father John Carroll was elected the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.
 * **December 25, 1789**-- During the first Christmas under America's new Constitution, the Congress was in session. This fact may seem odd today, but at the time Christmas was no t a major Christian holiday. As a matter of fact, Christmas had a bad reputation among many Christians as a time of un-Christian excess and partying. Between 1659 and 1681, celebrating Christmas was actually illegal in Boston and anti-Christmas sentiment in the North prevented the day from becoming a national holiday until 1870.
 * **March 03, 1794**-- Richard Allen founded African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church.
 * **April 09, 1794**-- Richard Allen, the first black ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, opened the Bethel African Church.
 * **April 09, 1799**-- With the help and leadership of Richard Allen, the first black ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was created in Philadelphia by six black Methodist congregations.
 * **April 11, 1799**-- The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church consecrated Richard Allen as its first bishop.
 * **May 09, 1800**-- John Brown, American abolitionist, was born.
 * **July 01, 1800**-- The earliest known Methodist camp meeting in America was held in Logan County, Kentucky.
 * **February 16, 1801**-- The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church officially separated from its parent, the Methodist Episcopal Church.
 * **June 01, 1801**-- Brigham Young is born.
 * **August 06, 1801**-- One of the most famous Camp Meetings occurred at Cane Ridge, Kentucky. This lead to the 'Great Religious Revival of the American West'.
 * **March 29, 1819**-- Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, founder of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and the Hebrew Union College, was born.
 * **June 21, 1821**-- The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church was founded in New York City.
 * **July 16, 1821**-- Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, was born.
 * **July 19, 1825--** Liberal members of Congregational churches in New England founded the American Unitarian Association.
 * **February 13, 1826**-- The first The American Temperance Society was founded in Boston. It would later be renamed the American Temperance Union and would become a national cause. Within a decade there were over 8,000 like-minded groups with more than 1.5 million members.
 * **March 26, 1830**-- At the age of 24, Joseph Smith first published his famous book "The Book of Mormon."
 * **April 06, 1830**-- James Augustine Healy, first black Roman Catholic bishop in America, was born on a plantation near Macon, Georgia. He was the son of an Irish planter and a slave.
 * **March 26, 1831**-- Richard Allen, the first black ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and founder of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, died.
 * **March 24, 1832**-- Mormon leader Joseph Smith was beaten, tarred and feathered in Ohio.
 * **February 01, 1834**-- Henry McNeal Turner, bishop for the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, was born in Newberry Courthouse, South Carolina.
 * **March 27, 1836**-- The first Mormon temple was dedicated in Kirtland, Ohio.
 * **July 17, 1836**-- William White, the first American Anglican bishop, died at the age of 88. White was the person who coined the term "Protestant Episcopal" for the new Anglican denomination.
 * **February 05, 1837**-- American evangelist Dwight L. Moody was born.
 * **June 13, 1837**-- Mormon missionaries set off to proselytize in England.
 * **June 1838**-- A group of Mormons formed an organization that would obey Joseph Smith "in all things" and in "whatever he requires. Originally called the Daughters of Zion, they later adopted the name Sons of Dan. As a formal group, it only lasted a few weeks.
 * **June 06, 1838**-- Mormons beat non-Mormons with clubs during elections in the small Missouri town of Gallatin. Several non-Mormons were seriously injured.
 * **October 25, 1838**-- As tensions between Mormons and non-Mormons increased, the first battle of the "Mormon War" in Missouri occurred at Crooked River when LDS forces raided a camp of the state militia and captured a number of horses.
 * **October 30, 1838**-- Outraged over Mormon attacks on the state militia, members of the militia attacked Haun's Mill, a community of Mormon refugees. Eighteen men and boys were shot dead.
 * **October 31, 1838**-- Joseph Smith surrendered to Missouri officials and was charged with high treason. He escaped after five months in jail, however, and fled to Illinois.
 * **April 1839**-- Joseph Smith, having escaped from jail in Missouri, joined other Mormons in the town of Quincy, Illinois. Smith renamed the town to "Nauvoo," which he claimed was Hebrew for "beautiful location".
 * **February 1841**-- Mormons in Illinois founded the Nauvoo Legion, an independent local militia tasked with defending Mormon interests. Joseph Smith was named its lieutenant general, the first American to claim that rank since George Washington.
 * **March 21, 1843**-- Preacher William Miller of Massachusetts predicted the world would end on this date. Obviously, the world did not end, but Miller's ideas led to the creation of the Adventist churches in America.
 * **July 12, 1843**-- Mormon leader Joseph Smith said that God approved of polygamy.
 * **January 18, 1844**-- Senator (later President) James Buchanan introduced a resolution in the United States Senate that the United States be declared a Christian Nation and acknowledge Jesus Christ as America's Savior. The resolution was rejected, but man similar resolutions would be introduced during the following years, including at least one that would have amended the Constitution.
 * **June 22, 1844**-- Joseph Smith, accused of instigating a riot when Mormons smashed the presses of a newspaper critical of his secret doctrines on polygamy, fled from arrest.
 * **June 24, 1844**-- Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were arrested by Illinois authorities. Smith had previously attempted to use the Nauvoo militia to suppress church dissidents and to protect the city.
 * **June 27, 1844**-- Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were lynched by a mob in Carthage, Illinois. Smith was the founder of the Mormon Church and the mob was outraged, in part, over Smith's recent authorization of polygamous marriages.
 * **August 08, 1844**-- Brigham Young was chosen to lead the Mormons.
 * **October 22, 1844**-- The "Great Disappointment" occurred when the return of Christ, predicted by William Miller, failed to happen once again. At least 100,000 disillusioned followers returned to their former churches or abandoned Christianity completely - but many went on establish what would become known as the Adventist Churches.
 * **May 01, 1845**-- In Louisville, Kentucky, disaffected members of the Methodist Episcopal Church organized the Methodist Episcopal Church, South as a new denomination.
 * **February 04, 1846**-- Mormon settlers leave Nauvoo, Missouri, to begin the settlement of the West.
 * **July 21, 1846**-- Mormons founded the first English settlement in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
 * **April 26, 1847**-- The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod was officially organized.
 * **July 22, 1847**-- The first group of Mormon immigrants entered the Salt Lake Valley, still Mexican territory at that time. Not long thereafter, Mormon leader Brigham Young founded Salt Lake City, Utah.
 * **May 12, 1849**-- Brigham Young announced to the Council of Fifty that the local Indians could not be converted and that it didn't matter "whether they kill one another off or Some body else" did it.
 * **June 11, 1850**-- David C. Cook was born. Cook was a developer of the original The Sunday School curriculum in the United States.
 * **April 18, 1857**-- Clarence Darrow was born.
 * **July 13, 1857**-- President James Buchanon selected Alfred Cumming to replace Brigham Young as governor for the territory of Utah.
 * **September 11, 1857**-- Mormon fanatic John D. Lee, angered over President Buchanan's order to remove Brigham Young from governorship of the Utah Territory, led a band of Mormons in a massacre of a California-bound wagon train of 135 (mostly Methodists) in Mountain Meadows, Utah.
 * **September 15, 1857**-- Brigham Young declared martial law and forbade U.S. troops from entering Utah in order to avoid being replaced by Alfred Cumming, a non-Mormon, as governor of Utah.
 * **November 21, 1857**-- Alfred Cumming, selected by President James Buchanon to replace Brigham Young as governor for the territory of Utah, took office. He immediately ordered armed Mormon groups in the territory to disband, but he was generally ignored.
 * **June 26, 1858**-- The United States army entered Salt Lake City in order to restore peace and install Alfred Cumming (a non-Mormon) as governor. Mormon residents had opposed the replacement of Brigham Young, who had declared martial law and forbade U.S. troops from entering Utah. There were sporadic raids made by the Mormon militia against the winter encampment of the army, but that was the extent of the Utah War.
 * **November 24, 1859**-- Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was first published. All 1,250 copies of the first printing were sold out on the very first day.
 * **March 19, 1860**-- American politician and fundamentalist religious leader William Jennings Bryan was born.
 * **September 10, 1862**-- Rabbi Jacob Frankel became the first Jewish chaplain in the United States Army.
 * **November 19, 1862**-- The famous American evangelist Billy Sunday was born.
 * **April 22, 1864**-- The motto "In God We Trust" first appeared on U.S. coins - specifically, the a bronze two-cent piece issued during the American Civil War.
 * **February 04, 1866**-- Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, allegedly cures her injuries by opening a Bible.
 * **April 06, 1868**-- Mormon leader Brigham Young married his 27th and final wife.
 * **June 26, 1870**-- Under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, Congress officially declared Christmas to be a national holiday.
 * **October 02, 1871**-- Brigham Young, Mormon leader, was arrested for bigamy.
 * **June 04, 1873**-- Charles F. Parham was born.
 * **October 03, 1875**-- Hebrew Union College was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio under the auspices of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise. It was the first Jewish college in America to train men to become rabbis.
 * **March 23, 1877**-- John Doyle Lee, a Mormon fanatic, was executed by a firing squad, Lee had masterminded a massacre of Arkansas Methodist emigrants in 1857. In the "Mountain Meadows Massacre," a wagon train of 127 died at Mountain Meadows (near Cedar City), Utah.
 * **August 29, 1877**-- Brigham Young died.
 * **June 04, 1878**-- Frank N. Buchman is born. Buchman was an early leader of the social gospel movement.
 * **March 22, 1882**-- Polygamy was outlawed by Congress, specifically targeting the practices of the Mormon church.
 * **January 19, 1889**-- The Salvation Army split; one group renounced allegiance to founder William Booth while another, lead by Booth's son Ballington and his wife Maud, incorporated itself as a separate organization in America in 1896.
 * **February 17, 1889**-- The famous American evangelist Billy Sunday held his first public crusade in Chicago. Over the course of his career as a popular religious speaker, at least 100 million Americans are estimated to have attended his sermons.
 * **May 06, 1890**-- The Mormon Church officially renounced polygamy.
 * **September 25, 1890**-- Mormon President Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto in which the practice of polygamy was renounced.
 * **October 06, 1890**-- Polygamy was outlawed by the Mormon Church.
 * **October 09, 1890**-- Aimee Semple McPherson, founder of the Four Square Gospel Church, was born.
 * **November 10, 1891**-- The first Woman's Christian Temperance Union meeting was held in Boston.
 * **September 14, 1893**-- Pope Leo XIII appointed Archbishop Francesco Satolli to be the first Apostolic Delegate to the USA.
 * **July 09, 1896**-- William Jennings Bryan delivered his famous Cross of Gold speech.
 * **October 07, 1897**-- Elijah Mohammed, Black Muslim leader. was born.
 * **January 1899**-- In the apostolic letter Testem benevolentiae, Pope Leo XIII condemned the "heresy" of "Americanism," a doctrine which he regarded as an attempt by American Catholic clergy to reconcile Catholic teachings with modern thought and liberties.
 * **December 27, 1899**-- Carry Nation, a leader of the American Christian temperance movement, raided and wrecked her first saloon in Medicine Lodge, Kansas.
 * **March 21, 1900**-- After the death of founder Dwight L. Moody, the Bible Institute for Home and Foreign Missions changed its name to Moody Bible Institute.
 * **March 26, 1900**-- Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, founder of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and the Hebrew Union College, died.


 * Social Gospel--** []


 * Polygamy--** []


 * Mountain Meadows massacre--** []


 * Brigham Young**-- []

= Glossary =
 * Joseph Smith**-- []

= Classmates' Wikispaces =
 * **Alfred Cumming**-- appointed governor of the Utah territory in 1858 replacing Brigham Young following the Utah War.
 * **Annie Turner Wittenmyer**-- served as the first President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union from 1874 to 1879
 * **Anomie**-- a crisis in the moral order of a social group resulting in the inability of the group to provide order and normative regulation for individual members.
 * **Brigham Young**-- United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith
 * **Charles F. Parham**-- an early leader among charismatic Christians in America and, in 1898, he founded the Bible training school in Topeka, Kansas, where the American Pentecostal movement started in 1901.
 * **Clarence Darrow**-- an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union
 * **David C. Cook**-- the developer of the original Sunday School curriculum
 * **James Buchanon**-- the 15th President of the United States from 1857–1861 and the last to be born in the 18th Century.
 * **John D. Lee**-- a prominent early Latter-Day Saint (LDS or Mormon) who was executed for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre
 * **Joseph Smith**-- religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830
 * **Martial Law**-- the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs
 * **Mormon**-- a person who belongs to one of the Christian religious groups related to the religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.
 * **Polygamy**-- any form of marriage in which a person has more than one spouse.
 * **Richard Theodore Ely**-- an American economist, author, and leader of the progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform the injustices of capitalism. Helped inspire and lead the Social Gospel movement.
 * **Social Gospel**-- an early 20th century Protestant Christian movement which placed its emphasis on the application of Christian principles to society's problems.
 * **Sunday School**-- an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). All members of the church and any interested nonmembers, age 12 and older, are encouraged to participate in Sunday School
 * **Walter Rauschenbusch**-- a Christian Theologian and Baptist Minister. He was a key figure in the Social Gospel movement that
 * **Washington Gladden**-- a leading American Congregational church pastor and early leader of the Social Gospel movement.
 * **William Jennings Bryan**-- the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1896, 1900 and 1908, a lawyer, and the 41st United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson
 * **Woman's Christian Temperance Union**-- tried to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society

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